Implementation of User-Pairing Algorithm for OFDMA

Implementation of User-Pairing Algorithm for OFDMA Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Literature Survey Problem Formulation References CHAPTER 1:  INTRODUCTION Introduction Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is an encouraging technology that supports high data rate transmission. The blend of OFDMA with the relay technology has expanded a large extend of potential to develop the overall network performance, and therefore has received a lot of intension in the recent years. Network resources that may include bandwidth and transmission power are limited; hence how to efficiently and fairly allocate these resources to users with guaranteed quality of service is a key issue. The models used while dealing with the partnering problem usually involve some form of orthogonality across the user pairs, so that the pairs can cooperate without causing interference to each other. OFDMA, has a lot of essential properties due to which it has gained a lot of acceptance and popularity in the recent years, and because of its orthogonal structure it is considered as a good candidate for realizing practical cooperation. As we already know that huge amount of research is done on sub-channel and power allocation schemes for OFDMA. Yet, encoding techniques, and resource allocation for mutually cooperative OFDMA systems, have not been investigated much until rather recently. For cooperative OFDMA systems containing only two users, achievable rates based on mutual cooperation across sub-channels were characterized in [3], and for such systems, optimal power allocation algorithms are used. Relay-assisted cooperative communication Relay-assisted cooperative communication has turn out to be very effective in several wireless systems [1]. This communication system is capable to enhance the overall system performance that includes spectral efficiency, network lifetime and coverage area. Efficient wireless resource allocation is critical to fully realize these benefits in cooperative communication systems. Resource allocation in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) based relay communication systems involve even more technical challenges. Single-hop OFDM or OFDMA which are traditional systems when compared then we must carefully and accurately coordinate the power and subcarrier allocations across different hops resulting from multiple relays. Compared with single-carrier relay systems, in this we are able to assign multiple orthogonal subcarriers in every single hop, which not only gives more design freedoms but also typically higher design complexity or intricacy. In this paper, we will take a close look on the power control problem, joint relay selection, and subcarrier assignment for a cooperative two-hop multi-relay OFDM system using the protocol called amplify-and-forward. The main aim is to make the most of the transmission rate subject to an individual power constraint of each transmit node. Recently, a number of results have been described on relay selection in two-hop multi-relay systems. A common selection strategy is to choose the relay with the best equivalent end-to-end channel gain. Similar strategy can be used in OFDM systems, where a relay is selected based on the channel condition of the whole OFDM symbol. However, such symbol based relay selection may not be efficient as the differences of channel conditions amongst diverse subcarriers are not completely utilized. The subcarrier-based relay selection, which selects one best relay for each subcarrier, was then proposed to exploit both frequency diversity and node diversity. [2] Two-way relay network In this type of network, two users or operators communicate with each other via one or multiple relays. There are three two-way relaying protocols which differ in the number of required phases. The first protocol is called as the simple four phase protocol consisting two one-way relaying protocols. The second protocol is named as the time-division broadcast (TDBC) protocol which consists of three phases. The third protocol is the multiple-access broadcast (MABC) protocol which consists of two phases. The MABC protocol is more bandwidth efficient compared with the other two protocols. Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is one of efficient techniques to mitigate the problems of frequency selective fading. In an OFDMA network, a complete obtainable bandwidth is separated into a number of orthogonal subcarriers and multiple users transmit their information simultaneously using the different subcarriers without inter-user interference. Generally, it is assumed that the bandwidth of each subcarrier is much smaller than the coherence bandwidth of the channel, and so the channel of each subcarrier has a flat fading. In addition, the OFDMA network uses the method of adaptive resource allocation and thus delivers improved performance [4]-[5]. In a two-way OFDM relay network having a single user pair and a single relay, the sum capacity for both users over all subcarriers is maximized by power allocation and tone permutation. In resource allocation for a multiuser two-way OFDMA relay network is investigated to support two-way communication between the base station and each of multiple users. In several relay selection policies for a MABC DF two-way relay network are proposed. The subcarrier based relay selection usually assumes that signals received over one subcarrier is amplified (or decoded) and forwarded by a relay over the same subcarrier in the next hop. However this is not optimal in terms of system performance. An improved performance can be attained if subcarriers in the first and second hops are paired according to the conditions of their channel. Such a subcarrier pairing approach was proposed in [1]. AF-based two-hop multi-relay OFDM system An AF-based two-hop multi-relay OFDM system in which we optimally and mutually assign the three types of resources: subcarriers, relay nodes, and power. Such joint optimization hasn’t been well thought of or considered in the literature as far as we know. We formulate it as a joint relay power allocation problem, subcarrier pairing, and selection with an objective of exploiting the transmission rate under specific power constraints. A dual nature can be used for solving the optimization problem in three phases. First, we find the optimal power allocation for any given strategy of subcarrier pairing and relay assignment. In the second phase, we determine the optimal relay assignment when subcarrier pairing is given. And in the last or third phase, we obtain the optimal subcarrier paring by means of the Hungarian method. The overall complexity of the optimal algorithm is polynomial in the number of subcarriers and relay nodes. Based on the intuition derived from the optimal algo rithm, we further propose two suboptimal algorithms that have lower complexity but can achieve close to optimal performances. PRACTICAL SUBOPTIMAL PAIRING ALGORITHMS In our model, the locations of the users, and their distances to each other are the major factors that affect their transmission rates. The impacts of Rayleigh fading and noise variances on the rates are negligible in comparison to path loss. This forces the power allocation and partner selection to be mostly dependent on the topology of the network, which means that a suboptimal but fast algorithm can be derived based only on user locations as an alternative to the maximum weighted matching algorithm. But then, the weights of the graph will not be needed to match the users, and this will decrease the time consumed by the matching algorithm drastically. We will be dealing with 5 algorithms as following:- Select Nearest to Receiver algorithm:- The two users nearest to the receiver get matched. These users are removed from the pool, and the algorithm repeatedly matches the rest of users with the same method until every user is matched. Select Farthest from Receiver algorithm:- The two users farthest from the receiver get matched. These users are removed from the pool, and the algorithm repeatedly matches the rest of users with the same method until every user is matched. Maximum Matching on Nearest Four to Receiver algorithm:- The user nearest to the receiver is selected. Then, three users which are nearest to it are selected. Maximum weighted matching algorithm runs on those users and the users get matched. The algorithm repeatedly matches the rest of users with the same method until every user is matched. Maximum Matching on Farthest Four from Receiver algorithm:- The user farthest from the receiver is selected. Then, three users which are nearest to it are selected. Maximum weighted matching algorithm runs on those users and the users get matched. The algorithm repeatedly matches the rest of users with the same method until every user is matched. Select Nearest and Farthest to Receiver algorithm:- The user farthest to the receiver gets matched with the nearest to the receiver. These users are removed from the pool, and the algorithm repeatedly matches the rest of users with the same method until every user is matched. The performance comparisons of the above algorithms are presented in this section. CHAPTER 2:  LITERATURE SURVEY In 2010, N. Balasubramanian, A. Carroll and G. Heiser et al, proposed that:- A rich body of literature has been dedicated to measuring the power consumption of cellular and WiFi interfaces for mobile users. Although a variety of power consumption models have been proposed and studied, one general conclusion is that, in spite of comparable power consumption (typically around 1 W), WiFi is much more power efficient in sending/receiving the same amount of data because of the higher data rates (e.g., a few Mbps for 3G while ten or more Mbps for 802.11n) [6]–[7]. Assuming that the wireless link is experiencing path loss as well as Rayleigh fading during the process is totally unacceptable. Note that, the data rate of the wireless link varies for different distances as well as channel realizations. In 2005, L. Shao and S. Roy, T. Thanabalasingham, S. Hanly, L. Andrew et al, proposed:- Resource allocation and interference management of multi-cell downlink OFDMA systems were presented. A key focus of these works is on interference management among multiple cells. Our general formulation includes the case where resource coordination leads to no interference among different cells/sectors/sites. In our model, this is achieved by dynamically partitioning the sub channels across the different cells/sectors/sites. In addition to being easier to implement, the interference free operation assumed in our model allows us to optimize over a large class of achievable rate regions for this problem. If the interference strength is of the order of the signal strength, as would be typical in the broadband wireless setting, then this partitioning approach could also be the better option in information theoretic sense [9][7]. In 2004, A. Nosratinia, G. Tsoulos et al proposed that:- A. Nosratinia, G. Tsoulos et al proposed MIMO systems because in recent years, MIMO systems [10] have been widely accepted as the ultimate approach to fulfilling the high performance demands of current and future generation of wireless systems. Using multiple antennas at the transmitter or/and receiver dramatically increases the spectral eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™ciency and enables the system to achieve very high data rates. It is also widely accepted that the majority of multi-antenna spatial diversity techniques are mainly applicable in downlink transmissions due to the size and complexity constraints that limit their implementation in small mobile units [11]. However, to achieve spatial diversity on the uplink without the need to have more than one antenna per mobile unit, cooperative transmission is the answer. In this case, the mobile units help each other to emulate a multiple transmit antenna system. In 2006, Yang and Belfiore proposed that:- Yang and Belfiore present a near optimal AF scheme which in certain conditions is able to achieve the diversity multiplexing trade-off (DMT) upper bound introduced. In [13], cooperative diversity protocols which are based on DF relaying are developed. The relay nodes that can fully decode the received transmission relay to the destination using a space time code. The idea of cooperative diversity under asynchronous channel conditions was suggested. The authors in [12] proposed a simple DF relay technique in a Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system where the relay nodes detect and forward the transmission regardless of whether successful decoding has occurred or not. In [13] a 2 hop asynchronous cooperative diversity technique is introduced where the authors propose two different protocols to determine the participating nodes. In this technique, the set of participating relays that receive the packet without errors is the only set of nodes involved in the relaying process. In 2004, Sendonaris et al proposed that:- The second type of uplink cooperation, which will be the main focus of this chapter, is based on pairing each user with a neighboring user, a â€Å"partner†, to create a MIMO-like effect on the uplink transmission. This was first suggested by Sendonaris et al. [14] in a synchronous full-duplex CDMA system utilizing orthogonal spreading codes. The technique was for a two user system where at the first transmission instance both users transmit their symbol to the other user and the base station. The symbol is then received and processed by the other user and in the following transmission instance the users transmit a composite signal consisting of their own symbol and a detected estimate of their partner’s symbol, each spread with its user’s spreading code, to the base station. In 2003, A. J. Jahromi, et. Al proposed that:- In this case at each transmitting instance, each user transmits a composite signal of both his new symbol along with a detected estimate of his partner’s previous symbol. In this method, to maintain the total transmit power constant, the joint transmit-power is manipulated such that at the base station, the average received power and the received power per user remains constant. In [15], the authors propose a new multiuser uplink pairing CDMA technique in which each user transmits its own signal to the base station and follows that by relaying a processed estimate of his partner’s information. At the receiving end, an algorithm is utilized to achieve near optimum ML performance with reduced complexity. CHAPTER 3:  PROBLEM FORMULATION 3. Problem formulation Scheduling and resource allocation are essential components of wireless data systems. Here by scheduling we refer the problem of determining which user will be active in a given time-slot; resource allocation refers to the problem of allocating physical layer resources such as bandwidth and power among these active users. In modern wireless data systems, frequent channel quality feedback is available enabling both the scheduled users and the allocation of physical layer resources to be dynamically adapted based on the users channel conditions and quality of service (QoS) requirements. This has led to a great deal of interest both in practice and in the research community on various channel aware scheduling and resource allocation algorithms. Many of these algorithms can be viewed as gradient-based algorithms, which select the transmission rate vector that maximizes the projection onto the gradient of the systems total utility. REFERENCES [1] A. Nosratinia, T. E. Hunter, and A. Hedayat, â€Å"Cooperative communication in wireless networks,† IEEE Comm. Magazine, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 74–80, Oct. 2004. [2] A. Bletsas, A. Khisti, D. P. Reed, and A. Lippman, â€Å"A simple cooperative diversity method based on network path selection,† IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Comm., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 659–672, March 2006. [3] S. BakÄ ±m and O. Kaya. â€Å"Cooperative Strategies and Achievable Rates for Two User OFDMA Channels.† IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., 10(12): 4029–4034, Dec. 2011. [4] C. Y. Wong, R. S. Cheng, K. B. Letaief, and R. D. Murch, â€Å"Multiuser OFDM with adaptive subcarrier, bit, and power allocation,† IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1747-1758, Oct. 1999. [5] Z. Shen, J. G. Andrews, and B. L. Evans, â€Å"Adaptive resource allocation in multiuser OFDM systems with proportional rate constraints,† IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 2726-2737, Nov. 2005. [6] A. Carroll and G. Heiser, â€Å"An analysis of power consumption in a smartphone,† in Proc. USENIX, June 2010. [7] N. Balasubramanian, A. Balasubramanian, and A. Venkataramani, â€Å"Energy consumption in mobile phones: a measurement study and implications for network applications,† in Proc. IMC, Nov. 2010. [8] L. Shao and S. Roy, Downlink multicell MIMO-OFDM: an architecture for next generation wireless networks, IEEE WCNC, vol. 2, pp. 1120 { 1125 Vol. 2, Feb 2005. [9] T. Thanabalasingham, S. Hanly, L. Andrew, and J. Papandriopoulos, Joint allocation of subcarriers and transmit powers in a multiuser OFDM cellular network, IEEE ICC, vol. 1, pp. 269 { 274, Jun 2006. [10] G. Tsoulos, 2006. MIMO System Technology for Wireless Communications. Boca Raton: Taylor Francis Group [11] A. Nosratinia, T. E. Hunter and A. Hedayat, Cooperative communication in wireless networks , IEEE Commun. Magazine, vol. 42, no. 10, pp. 74—80, Oct. 2004 [12] K. Vardhe and D. Reynolds, The Performance of Multi-User Cooperative Diversity in an Asynchronous CDMA Uplink, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1930—1940, May 2008. [13] S. Wei, D. L. Goeckel and M. C. Valenti, Asynchronous Cooperative Diversity, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1930—1940, Jun. 2006. [14] A. Sendonaris, E. Erkip, and B. Aazhang, User cooperation diversity — Part I: System description, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 51, pp. 1927 — 1938, Nov. 2003. [15] A. J. Jahromi, et. al., On multi-user detection in CDMA based cooperative networks, IEEE Sarnoff Symposium, 2009, SARNOFF ’09, 30 Mar. 1 Apr. 2009

Paranormal Activities Genre Analysis Film Studies Essay

Paranormal Activities Genre Analysis Film Studies Essay This essay will analyse the text of the movie Paranormal activity 2 by using the theory of genre and compare it with a the older version of the same movie Paranormal Activities, and also The Abandoned 2006, to reach a decision about which genre is most suitable for this text and why. Genres are used to categorize films according to their elements and have set convections. There are many different types of genres like sci-fi, romantic, western, horror, comedy, etc. In this research I will be analyzing the film Paranormal activity 2 using the theory of genre analysis by its major elements and icons like sounds, camera view, colours, background, objects and location. For example if we see flying UFOs in a movie that probably means it is a Science fiction movie of the sci-fi genre. Some films have elements of more than one genre, this is called hybrid genre. I have divided my research essay into several parts, starting with explaining the theory and approach of genre. Genres are also sub categorized according to their special qualities, for example in horror genre, sub-categories are The Gothic, Supernatural , Occult, Ghost Films, Psychological Horror, Monster Movies, Slashers, Body horror, Splatter, Gore Films, Exploitation Cinema, Video Nasties and many more (Cherr y, 2009, p. 5). Genre theory is used in the study and making of films in order to categorize the films. Genre is the type of a film or it is based on a theme; for example horror , thriller , western , romance and many more. Films are ascribed to particular genre in other ways also, such as narrative, actors and director. By using genre theory we can describe the type of film (Film Studies essay on Genre, 2006). When audiences think about the western genre they know that within this film category they may expect to see gun fights, horses and cowboys. Another example would be horror films where the audience knows everyone will die except one. The audiences who go to those films expect to see zombies, werewolves and more. They also expect certain content and a certain style of film making; therefore genre is a way of colouring the film on the basis of different elements and themes (Wetjen, Deshotels, 2005). In this part of the essay I will analyze the movie Paranormal activity 2 on the basis of theory of genre. In the movie Paranormal Activity 2 the name speaks the genre itself; paranormal activities were never proved as they are supernatural and cannot be proved. Paranormal means not in accordance with scientific laws, unnatural or something which is not normal (Coraor, 2008). The movie Paranormal activity 2 was directed by Tod Williams and written by Oren Peli who has been a writer and director in lots of films. He has always been more interested in writing horror and documentary. Paranormal activity 2 is a remake of the movie Paranormal activity in 2007 which was written and directed by Oren Peli. The same storyline has been used to remake this movie (Doc Films, 2007). The actors have the same name as the characters in the movie, Katie and Micah, These actors were not celebrities, and they are plotted in the movie to give a generalised and realistic feel. There is, no supervening celebrity identity, no star persona, to yank us out of the fiction, to remind us simply by gravitational necessity that there must be a reality outside the fiction (Rehak, 2010). In the story of the movie we see there is a couple. Micah and Katie who just moved into stay together in San Diego. Starting from the first day Katie notices some spooky things happening in their house when they sleep. Micah takes it as if Katie is just joking, but when he himself notices weird things happening in their house, he buys a handy camera to know what happens when they go to sleep. The very first night he doesn t get anything in the recording but on the second day he perceives that the door opened itself at 03:00 A.M when they were asleep. He sets the camera on recording every night and observes new things happening every night, but on a random night he noticed Katie got up, stood by the door for 3 hours then went back to bed. The things kept happening in their house and finally Katie decided to call a demonologist, who wasn t able to help them. In the end of the film there is a scene in which Katie wakes up and goes down to the lounge, and just after a few seconds she scr eams, Micah runs down and notices that Katie was overruled by the evil and in the last scene she hits Micah on the camera, the hit was so quick that it actually fills the viewer with more fear. Micah dies and Katie went missing (Bundy, 2009), (Follett, 2009). There are some major horror elements noticed in the movie which proves the horror genre approach. Firstly I will discuss the sounds in the movie. In the movie audio is the major element. There are lots of different sounds which relate it to the horror genre. These sounds are used for creating real time feelings. The sounds used in movies for special effects or dubbing are called Foleys. Foleys used in this movie are hitting sounds, heavy footsteps, screaming, musical cues and some classical horror music. The footsteps and other unexpected sounds are mostly used to show someone s presence, but when we find out there is no one around, it builds up fear. Same is the case of hitting sound or crash, they are mostly used to break the viewer s attention and create fear. The reason is when someone watches a suspense or a horror sequence they get so much involved into it that their eyes doesn t allow any type of interference, the role of hitting sound is to break the concentration which keeps on increasing fear in viewers. The hitting sound is mostly used to show that something happened which is not in front of our eyes. The Music in the horror films are sounds that most of the audience recognize. A long eerie musical made using strings or horns as the victim approaches a closed door (for example), followed by a violent orchestral hit as the victim opens the door to encounter whatever is hidden behind it. This is a type of musical cue that is quite common in horror films. Whenever the audience hears this build-up, it knows that something is going to happen (H binette, 1999). The other major element of the horror genre noticed was a screaming sound, which generates a feel that something harmful happened. The Screaming challenges the horror movie genre s damsel in distress by inverting the power dynamics and charging the scream with a potency that overcomes any would-be menace (McDonald, 2010) Most of the paranormal activities in the movie took place in the night. Darkness is an important element of the horror genre and is often used in horror films. Darkness is used in horror films to sustain the fear and creates the feeling of being isolated. In the darkness, things are hardly visible, so if one cannot see anything, it will create tension and fear in their mind Mortals fear Night chiefly because she brings darkness, and with it inability to see that is frustrating and terrifying (Simone). A basic handy camera has been used to give it a more personalised feel. Most of the shots in the movie were point of view shots (POV). POV shots are used to make the viewer feel as if they are looking from their own eyes; make them feel a part of the film and also to show as if the viewer is looking through the eyes of a specific character. A sequence that is shot as if the viewer were looking through the eyes of a specific character. The shot is a common trick of the horror film: that is, we are placed in the position of the killer who is slowly sneaking up on a victim. Note that horror directors sometimes cheat with this device; that is, after a building of suspense, it can also turn out that we were not in the position of the killer after all (Dino, 2002). Most of the film has been shot in a bedroom to give it a more personal feel. As in an article Peli said. But if you set up the setting for all the horrific things in someone s bedroom then that s what you re going to be thinking about when you re lying in bed trying to fall asleep (Anjos, 2009). This makes a person feel that it might happen when they sleep. The door in the movie is used as the medium of tension, as we can see that the door has been placed as a border between the evil and the characters. All the activities in the movie take place in relation with the door even if it is around of within. Over the two weeks of recordings, the demonic presence becomes stronger every night, ranging from the doors moving and footsteps to even more scream-inducing moments (Ryder, 2009). The movie comes under the sub genre Supernatural, occult and ghost film as we can notice presence of evil in the movie which means it is related to supernatural elements like evils, etc. Films that involves interventions of spirits, ghosts, witchcrafts, devils and other entities into the real world, often featuring uncanny elements (Cherry, 2009, p. 5). The conclusion is that genres are categories of films based on different elements and theme. The genre approach is used to analyse a movie using the genre theory. Using genre approach this research proves that locations, darkness, hitting sound, screaming, dark colours are elements of horror genre. All these elements together create tension, suspense and fear. The activities happen in the house were supernatural as they have a relation with evil spirits and so it come under the sub-genre Supernatural, occult and ghost film . Thus the research proves that the movie Paranormal Activity 2 is a Horror film with supernatural activities. In this research I have learned that all these elements together give a greater impact and complete the convention of horror genre.

Psychoanalytic Approach to Sir Gawain and the Green Knight :: Sir Gawain Green Knight Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚   It’s easy to associate Sir Gawain and the Green Knight with one of Jung’s archetypal motif patterns: the hero and the quest.   Through lots of difficulties or challenges, Sir Gawain reaches the higher ground of knighthood, and also proves himself worthy of a courtly masculine identity.   It still seems quite daring and risky to apply psychoanalytic approach into the text itself, especially it comes with the Oedipus complex.   But if we put Freud’s three psychic zones and Sir Gawain’s conflict together, or related his fear of castration with his fear of being beheaded, the applying of psychoanalytic approach is acceptable.   Within the connections mentioned above, we can see how the father figures function and how a knight’s masculinity is maintain by abstaining from sexual desire in medieval period.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Sir Gawain is similar to any other hero we see in mythology, who is predisposed to response any obstacles coming upon them, and is thus getting mature both physically and mentally.  Ã‚  Ã‚   So the process of being a real knight is similar to the process of being a real man in Freud’Stheory of child development.   A boy in the process of being a man will confront a threat of being castrated by his father for to engaging in sexual relation with his Mother.   Submitting to the ‘reality principal’, the boy represses his incestuous desire, identifies with his father, and is led to the manhood.   One of the father figures within this text obviously is the Green Knight, who appears as the authority of the nature power to test Sir Gawain’s ability in masculinity and ability in abstaining from sexual temptation.   Before the Green Knight is qualified to test Sir Gawain, he must prove that he is more a man than Sir Gawain.   If we assume tha t being beheaded here is the another form of castration.   That he lets his head cut off by Gawain first is the showing of his superiority in masculinity.   After Green Knight’s head is cut off, he ‘seized this splendid head and straightway lifted it’.   From the passage, we see he is not less a man, and is never afraid of being castrated by his son, which reinforces the Green Knight’s father figure.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the Green Knight, a father authority is under the disguise of Bertilak, we can assume that his mistress becomes the mother figure.   While the Green Knight is out there hunting, Sir Gawain has to decide whether to put aside his fear of castration and give in the sexual seduction or to repress his own desire.

What do you find to admire in the poetry of Christina Rossetti? :: English Literature

What do you find to admire in the poetry of Christina Rossetti? Christina Rossetti was born on the 5th December 1830 and died in 1894. She was an English poet and a devout High Anglican, from an Anglo - Italian background. She also was the sister of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, who was a famous artist. Christina Rossetti could be described as one of the 19th Century's 'great odd women.' Even though she did have a variety of poems, no one has said she was a 'great' poet; however, the reason why we are so interested in her is because she was writing poetry in Victorian England and middle - class women were not seen to have any power. The fact that she had even been writing poetry was very unusual, as most females had little rights at this time. Most of her poetry expresses unfulfilled spiritual yearning, frustrated love and the sadness that is spread through her poems may be due to unhappy love affairs in her youth, or to the ill health she constantly suffered. Some examples of this are, 'When I am deadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦' and 'After death.' These poems are obviously about death and her poems are sometimes optimistic and depressing. But simply by writing poetry at this time, she was making a statement about how a lot of women felt during this period. One of the things I admire in the poetry of Christina Rossetti is that she was very honest in what she wrote. She was not afraid to express personal thoughts; for example in 'A Birthday' she says, 'My heart is like a singing bird.' This is very dramatic as she normally writes about darker feelings. Christina Rossetti is also not afraid of dying as she has strong religious beliefs that echo through each poem. For example in 'Song', she expresses that in some way she is looking forward to death and she feels that when she dies she will be a peace. When she wrote her poems, most of them were very depressing but she did, from time, to time write about happiness; for example the poem, which I mentioned previously, 'A Birthday.' This poem is about happiness and feelings of love that inspire her. In it, she is very happy and she cannot describe how she feels enough. Another thing that I admire is that she had the ability to write in different poetic styles; ballads, sonnets and songs, among others. Ballads are a simple song and are very sentimental often with several verses, with the same beat and rhythm. 'Maude Clare' is an example of a Ballad.

Liver Cancer

l Liver cancer  or  hepatic cancer  (from the  Greek  hepar, meaning liver) is a  cancer  that originates in the  liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Liver tumors are discovered on medical imaging equipment (often by accident) or present themselves symptomatically as an abdominal mass,  abdominal pain,  jaundice, nausea or liver dysfunction. [1]  Liver cancers should not be confused with livermetastases, which are cancers that originate from organs elsewhere in the body and migrate to the liver.Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factorsHepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. Hepatocellular carcinoma is not the same as  metastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver.In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is usually scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse (the most common cause in the United States) Autoimmune diseases  of the liver Hepatitis B  or  C  virus infection Inflammation of the liver that is long-term (chronic) Iron overload in the body (hemochromatosis) Patients with hepatitis B or C are at risk for liver cancer, even if they have not developed cirrhosis Symptoms Abdominal pain  or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part Easy bruising or bleedingEnlarged abdomen Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) Signs and testsPhysical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Tests include: Abdominal CT scan Abdominal ultrasound Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (liver function tests) Liver  MRI Serum alpha fetoprotein Some high-risk patients may get regular blood te sts and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing TreatmentAggressive surgery or a liver transplant can successfully treat small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. However, few patients are diagnosed early.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sChemotherapy delivered straight into the liver with a catheter can help, but it will not cure the disease. Radiation treatments in the area of the cancer may also be helpful. However, many patients have liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases that make these treatments more difficult. Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), an oral medicine that blocks tumor growth, is now approved for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Expectations (prognosis)The usual outcome is poor, because only 10 – 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery.If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 – 6 months. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people wil l survive much longer than 6 months Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding Liver failure Spread (metastasis) of the cancer PreventionPreventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce your risk. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Certain patients may benefit from screening for hemochromatosis.If you have chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, periodic screening with liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha fetoprotein levels may help detect this cancer early. Biasanya pesakit kanser hanya menyedari dia mengidap kanser bila penyakitnya sudah pada peringkat 4. Dan, selalunya keadaan ini dianggap sudah terlalu lewat. Sebenarnya. dari peringkat awal kanser menyerang tubuh kita, tanda-tanda penyakit ini sudah ada tetapi kita sering mengandaikan yang tanda-tanda itu sebagai ‘Tidak apa-apa’, cuma sakit biasa sahaja.Kita pun mengambil langkah ‘bijak’ ki ta sendiri iaitu menelan panadol atau membeli ubat di farmasi. Adakah anda pernah membuat pemeriksaan tahunan seperti ujian colonoscopies atau ujian PSA? Tentu ramai yang menggelengkan kepala. Tidak mengapa kerana meskipun penting, setakat membuat ujian seperti itu belum tentu dapat melindungi anda daripada kanser. Anda tentu tidak mahu menyertai barisan pesakit kanser yang terlambat menyedari, bukan? Jadi, perhatikan perkara-perkara berikut. Mungkinkah ia merupakan penggera awal, notis pemberitahuan bahawa sel-sel kanser sedang mula bertapak dalam tubuh anda? Liver Cancer l Liver cancer  or  hepatic cancer  (from the  Greek  hepar, meaning liver) is a  cancer  that originates in the  liver. Liver cancers are malignant tumors that grow on the surface or inside the liver. Liver tumors are discovered on medical imaging equipment (often by accident) or present themselves symptomatically as an abdominal mass,  abdominal pain,  jaundice, nausea or liver dysfunction. [1]  Liver cancers should not be confused with livermetastases, which are cancers that originate from organs elsewhere in the body and migrate to the liver.Hepatocellular carcinoma is cancer of the liver. Causes, incidence, and risk factorsHepatocellular carcinoma accounts for most liver cancers. This type of cancer occurs more often in men than women. It is usually seen in people age 50 or older. However, the age varies in different parts of the world. The disease is more common in parts of Africa and Asia than in North or South America and Europe. Hepatocellular carcinoma is not the same as  metastatic liver cancer, which starts in another organ (such as the breast or colon) and spreads to the liver.In most cases, the cause of liver cancer is usually scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Cirrhosis may be caused by: Alcohol abuse (the most common cause in the United States) Autoimmune diseases  of the liver Hepatitis B  or  C  virus infection Inflammation of the liver that is long-term (chronic) Iron overload in the body (hemochromatosis) Patients with hepatitis B or C are at risk for liver cancer, even if they have not developed cirrhosis Symptoms Abdominal pain  or tenderness, especially in the upper-right part Easy bruising or bleedingEnlarged abdomen Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice) Signs and testsPhysical examination may show an enlarged, tender liver. Tests include: Abdominal CT scan Abdominal ultrasound Liver biopsy Liver enzymes (liver function tests) Liver  MRI Serum alpha fetoprotein Some high-risk patients may get regular blood te sts and ultrasounds to see whether tumors are developing TreatmentAggressive surgery or a liver transplant can successfully treat small or slow-growing tumors if they are diagnosed early. However, few patients are diagnosed early.Dying of Breast Cancer in the 1800sChemotherapy delivered straight into the liver with a catheter can help, but it will not cure the disease. Radiation treatments in the area of the cancer may also be helpful. However, many patients have liver cirrhosis or other liver diseases that make these treatments more difficult. Sorafenib tosylate (Nexavar), an oral medicine that blocks tumor growth, is now approved for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma Expectations (prognosis)The usual outcome is poor, because only 10 – 20% of hepatocellular carcinomas can be removed completely using surgery.If the cancer cannot be completely removed, the disease is usually fatal within 3 – 6 months. However, survival can vary, and occasionally people wil l survive much longer than 6 months Complications Gastrointestinal bleeding Liver failure Spread (metastasis) of the cancer PreventionPreventing and treating viral hepatitis may help reduce your risk. Childhood vaccination against hepatitis B may reduce the risk of liver cancer in the future. Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol. Certain patients may benefit from screening for hemochromatosis.If you have chronic hepatitis or known cirrhosis, periodic screening with liver ultrasound or measurement of blood alpha fetoprotein levels may help detect this cancer early. Biasanya pesakit kanser hanya menyedari dia mengidap kanser bila penyakitnya sudah pada peringkat 4. Dan, selalunya keadaan ini dianggap sudah terlalu lewat. Sebenarnya. dari peringkat awal kanser menyerang tubuh kita, tanda-tanda penyakit ini sudah ada tetapi kita sering mengandaikan yang tanda-tanda itu sebagai ‘Tidak apa-apa’, cuma sakit biasa sahaja.Kita pun mengambil langkah ‘bijak’ ki ta sendiri iaitu menelan panadol atau membeli ubat di farmasi. Adakah anda pernah membuat pemeriksaan tahunan seperti ujian colonoscopies atau ujian PSA? Tentu ramai yang menggelengkan kepala. Tidak mengapa kerana meskipun penting, setakat membuat ujian seperti itu belum tentu dapat melindungi anda daripada kanser. Anda tentu tidak mahu menyertai barisan pesakit kanser yang terlambat menyedari, bukan? Jadi, perhatikan perkara-perkara berikut. Mungkinkah ia merupakan penggera awal, notis pemberitahuan bahawa sel-sel kanser sedang mula bertapak dalam tubuh anda?

The work

The goal of MapleBear schools is to establish an enthusiasm for learning and knowledge in young children that will serve as a foundation for future uccess in the education system and in I Premium327 Words2 Pages Welcome Speech Welcome speech Good Evening/Afternoon everybody! I am extremely honoured to have the chance to address you in this prestigious moment when our institution, VC Kumaran Memorial School celebrates its 33rd Annual Day today. This is so precious moment for us because aside from the fact this funced each and every inch of this stage, be so hesitant to come up here and speak.What I am about to do is absolutely Premium978 Words4 Pages Farewell Welcome Speech â€Å"Goodbyes are hard. It may be harder for the person leaving, but it's always hardest or the one being left behind. † Welcome everyone to this special occasion. This event is bitter-sweet occasion. It is very sad to say good-bye to our classes 10-A and 11-C who are ending their remarkable J Premium284 Wo rds2 Pages School Speech Dear Principal, Teachers, Parent and children a very good evening to you all.It is my pleasure to be here today. Being invited to be the Chief Guest at the must be one of the high points of any parent's life. I was a student many years ago and indeed it's a great honour to be abl Premium313 Words2 Pages School Speech by Chief Guest Draft speech of Mrs. D. Purandeswari, MOS-HRD (HE) as Chief Guest on the occasion of the Annual Day of the Rainbow Concept School, Mahaboobnagar, A. P on 9th February, 2007 at 5. 30 p. m.It gives me immense pleasure to be here this evening and to address the young students of the Rainbow Concept Sc Premium1998 Words8 Pages School Day discover as the colours of cultural feast unfold ! Premium308 Words2 Pages Annual Sports Day My School Sports Day Games are compulsory in every school as physical development along with mental development is essential. All students are not necessarily good in studies. Some are good in sports. Much to the Joy of each students the Sports Day is one of the major events in the school.

With Reference to a Named Example

A disaster hotspot is an area with a vulnerable population at risk from 2 or more hazards. The Philippines are considered a disaster hot spot. The Philippines are exposed to more than 2 hazards, geophysical and hydro-meteorological such as earthquakes and tropical storms these hazards are more affective as he Philippines is known for having a vulnerable, poor, population meaning it has a lower capacity to cope.The Philippines are largely affected by geophysical hazards, mainly by tectonic hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes, these hazards occur due to the Philippines geographical location, it is located between 2 destructive plate boundaries of the Eurasian plate and the Philippines plate which when submerging under one another create allot of friction which causes heat, this melts the submerging plate under the Philippine islands themselves which form volcanoes on the islands such as Mayon which prove to be quiet catastrophic when erupting.The friction created by the submergen ce of the plate can also be felt as an earthquake and as the plate boundaries are quiet close to the islands the earthquakes are generally more powerful like the Manila earthquake January 11, 1982 which was registered 6. 9 on the Richter scale. As the Philippines are also surrounded by sea and oceans tsunamis is a large possibility, when an earthquake under sea occurs the water above it gets shaken causing waves which get larger as they close in to the shores.This is a large threat to the Philippines as it is formed of 7 thousand islands most of them relatively close to the sea level meaning that they can get submerged by waves not that high, a 7. 9 magnitude earthquake hit the east cost of the Philippines on August 16th, 1976 12:11 A. M. , this created a tsunami devastating 700km of coastline bordering Moro Gulf in the North Celebes Sea this tragedy left 5,000 dead, 2,200 missing, 9,500 injuries and a total of 93,500 people left homeless.Hydro meteorological Hazards also affect the Philippines like Tropical storms, as the Philippines are located 5Â °-20Â ° above the equator which is considered as being the tropical storm belt so deadly tropical storms are quiet common, Washi 2011 was one of the world’s deadliest storms of 2011 which left 1,000 people dead and many more homeless. Droughts also are a major occurrence like the February 2010 drought caused by the El Nino oscillation, losing the country 2. 5 million metric tonnes of rice and corn where 800,000 hectares of rice and cornfields were already affected by other problems.This damage caused 33 million US dollars’ worth of damage which was predicted to ride to 400 million. The high vulnerability of the population gives the Philippines a very low capacity to cope. This is due to the high levels of poverty (26. 5% in 2009) this means that people cannot afford to prepare for hazards, like have storm proof/ earthquake proof infrastructures. High population density at the coastal regions, like t he capital Manila, means even more people are prone to flooding and tsunamis and also mudslides and also in higher concentrations so if a hazard does occur more people are affected at the same time.